Por Erwing Rodríguez – Salah (Tomado de RaónPublica.com).
MINERÍA EN SANTURBAN
Si las cosas siguen como van, en el futuro cercano el gobierno nacional permitirá la explotación minera en inmediaciones del páramo de Santurbán.
Aunque Duque afirmó durante su campaña que no permitiría proyectos que afectaran este ecosistema, sus funcionarios ya han dado pistas para pensar lo contrario.
A finales de julio, la viceministra de Minas, Carolina Rojas, dijo que los proyectos para extraer oro en esta zona están “en unas fases muy adelantadas” y que contribuirán a la recuperación económica del país.
Actualmente, la explotación minera en Santurbán depende de dos procesos:
- La nueva delimitación del páramo, que está a cargo del Ministerio de Ambiente;
- Y la expedición de la licencia ambiental por parte de la Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA).
Aunque al gobierno le interesa mostrar que ambos procesos son independientes y técnicos, en realidad ambos tienen un alto ingrediente político y dependen de las decisiones de una sola persona: el presidente de la República.
¿En qué va cada uno de los procesos y por qué parece inminente que habrá minería en Santurbán?
LA DELIMITACIÓN
La nueva delimitación el páramo de Santurbán fue ordenada por la Corte Constitucional en la sentencia T-361 de 2017.
La Corte determinó que la delimitación hecha mediante Resolución 2090 de 2014 vulneró el derecho a la participación ambiental de las comunidades afectadas. Por eso, el Ministerio de Ambiente elaboró una “propuesta integrada de delimitación” para concertarla con las comunidades.
Pero esa delimitación cayó en los mismos errores que la anterior: se hizo de forma exprés, con los mismos vacíos científicos, sin estudios hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos, sin tener en cuenta el concepto de integralidad del páramo, y al servicio de los intereses particulares de las mineras.
Como ya lo había pronosticado en esta misma revista, el Ministerio de Ambiente incluyó un mayor número de hectáreas en la nueva delimitación para disimular el engaño. En efecto, la nueva delimitación amplió el área de referencia del páramo en 3.446 hectáreas, para un total de 138.699, pero convenientemente volvió a dejar “por fuera del páramo” al proyecto de Minesa.
Desde que comenzó la disputa por la delimitación de los páramos —hace más de diez años—, el Estado habría podido llevar a cabo los estudios hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos necesarios. Con seguridad, esos estudios mostrarían la conectividad entre el páramo de Santurbán y sus ecosistemas circunvecinos, como el bosque altoandino. Hoy, las mineras celebran la falta de esos estudios.
En todo caso, ya hay al menos dos autoridades que se han referido a dicha conectividad y a la necesidad de protegerla:
- En la sentencia T-361 de 2017, la Corte Constitucional mencionó la importancia de incluir dentro del páramo la zona de transición bosque páramo (ZTBP);
- El 9 de septiembre pasado, la Corporación Autónoma Regional para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB) negó cinco permisos solicitados por Minesa, entre otras cosas, porque el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental de la empresa presentaba “información que no permite identificar la conectividad hidrogeológica del páramo con la zona del proyecto en relación con la geología presente”.
Recomendamos leer: Otra vez delimitarán Santurbán de forma exprés y sin estudios
EL LICENCIAMIENTO
El proceso de licenciamiento también ha estado plagado de dudas e irregularidades. En marzo de 2018, Minesa desistió de su solicitud de licencia una vez que la ANLA le formuló 83 requerimientos a su Estudio de Impacto Ambiental.
En ese escenario, la ANLA debió haber negado la licencia ambiental, como lo hizo el Ministerio de Ambiente en 2011 en un caso similar, cuando la empresa Greystar desistió de su proyecto en Angostura. Sin embargo, la ANLA se limitó a aceptar el desistimiento, lo que abrió la puerta para que Minesa presentara una segunda solicitud de licencia en enero de 2019. Por lo tanto, ni siquiera deberíamos estar analizando el segundo Estudio de Impacto Ambiental de Minesa.
En noviembre de 2019, la ANLA hizo 107 requerimientos a este segundo Estudio de Impacto Ambiental. En efecto, las afectaciones ambientales que tendrá este proyecto son indudables:
- La minería por encima de las bocatomas del acueducto metropolitano de Bucaramanga es ilegal e inconstitucional.
- La explotación minera en la zona durante 25 años implicaría usar 35.000 toneladas de explosivos que removerían aproximadamente 68 millones de toneladas de roca. Esto propiciaría la liberación de la altísima toxicidad de los elementos presentes en la alta montaña de Santurbán, como el arsénico, los sulfuros que precipitan la acidificación de las aguas e incluso elementos radiactivos peligrosísimos como el uranio.
- El proyecto produciría entre 7.000 y 8.000 toneladas de escombros diarios, cifra bastante similar a la que Bogotá produce en basuras. Además, los residuos de extracción se depositarían en un área de 64,47 hectáreas, que ocuparían el 41 % de la cuenca de la quebrada Caneyes, afluente del rio Suratá que abastece el acueducto metropolitano de Bucaramanga.
Por lo tanto, decir que este proyecto no afectará nuestra agua, en calidad y cantidad, es una ofensa para la inteligencia de los colombianos.
Por otra parte, la Corporación Autónoma Regional para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB) aún no resuelve un proceso sancionatorio ambiental contra Minesa, que data desde el 21 de noviembre de 2017, por la presunta infracción de la legislación ambiental por su túnel de exploración El Gigante. Para actuar diligentemente, la ANLA debería esperar el resultado de la investigación, y la CDMB resolverla, antes de continuar con este proceso.
Pero todas esas preocupaciones sobre el proceso de licenciamiento llegaron a su punto crítico el pasado 13 de agosto, con la renuncia del director del ANLA, Rodrigo Suárez Castaño. Algunos afirman que a Suárez “lo renunciarion” para dar vía libre a proyectos como el de Minesa.
Por ahora, puede esperarse que el gobierno nombre a un director con perfil político y no técnico, sin escrúpulos para licenciar proyectos como el de Minera. Al final, detrás de esa decisión política estará el presidente Duque.
Puedes leer: La ANLA se atreverá a licenciar para la explotación en Santurbán
EN MANOS DE DUQUE
En suma, el futuro de Santurbán está en manos del presidente Duque.
Gran parte de la opinión desconoce lo que se avecina: el licenciamiento del proyecto de Minesa en Santurbán sería un nefasto precedente para los demás 36 páramos del país, pues se abriría la compuerta para su devastación con fines mineros. La coyuntura de la pandemia jamás será un argumento para acabar con nuestros ecosistemas, mucho menos tratándose de los páramos, las fábricas de agua de nuestro país.
Hoy, la principal amenaza para el agua y nuestros páramos son los actos administrativos que expedirán las entidades del Estado colombiano:
- Una nueva delimitación exprés político-minera del páramo, en cabeza del Ministerio de Ambiente;
- Y el otorgamiento de la licencia ambiental por parte de la ANLA para llevar a cabo megaproyectos mineros por encima de las bocatomas de acueductos metropolitanos.
Incluso, la omisión de actos administrativos, en franco favorecimiento de los intereses particulares mineros, por parte de las autoridades ambientales nacionales y regionales, también se constituyen en una amenaza para el agua y los páramos del país.
Es deplorable que ambas decisiones favorezcan los intereses particulares de las empresas mineras.
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